How to Do Manual Software Testing: Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners
Manual testing is one of the essential activities in software development today to maintain quality assurance of software products. As applications have become more complex, it is increasingly critical to have a human verifier testing the software from the end-user perspective.
With a full understanding of the steps involved in manual testing, your team can create software products that are reliable and meet user demands. The manual testing process requires the tester to interact with the computer hardware and/or program to detect defects and verify that the program is functioning correctly.
By combining automated and manual testing, you can ensure that all areas of your application will be thoroughly tested.
What is Manual Testing?
Manual testing is the software testing method in which a human tester manually runs the test cases, that is, without using any automation tools. The test execution is done by manually interacting with the software application in order to check that it works as expected. The manual testers act like the end users and check if the software application is behaving properly under all conditions.
The features of manual testing are flexibility, intuition of the human, and the ability to adapt to fluctuating requirements. A manual tester may discover visual issues, usability problems, and unexpected behaviours that an automation tool would have missed. This method of testing is especially beneficial to the early phases of the software development life cycle.
Manual testing is based on the tester’s comprehension of the requirements, creativity, and carefulness to detail. Every single test case is run manually, and the outcomes are made available for the development team to review later. The operation requires practising patience and being very observant to confirm that the software works correctly in all different scenarios.
Types of Manual Testing
- Functional Testing
Functional testing is the process that ensures every feature works correctly according to the specifications. The manual testers read the requirement document and then set up the test cases, which will include each function.
It not only verifies the expected results but also guarantees the quality of the software. Moreover, it gives a check on the software behavior when the users go through the actual flows. Functional testing is considered the chief type of manual testing.
- Usability Testing
Usability testing is the type of testing that measures the degree of difficulty that the software presents to the users. The manual testers are then doing the testing by performing the actions of the real users and reporting the most noticeable problems the software has that come from its unclear flows or confusing actions.
This is a way of improving the user experience. On the other hand, it also enables the teams to solve the problem before customers get them. Usability testing is a must in almost every project.
- Exploratory Testing
Exploratory testing allows testers to delve into the software without the constraints of predefined test cases. They take their thoughts and come up with defects that are situated along the paths of real users.
This process assists the teams in the discovery of issues that are not obvious and at the same time, the quality of the software is improved. Besides, the testing is quite flexible. Exploratory and usability testing are sometimes performed in tandem.
- Acceptance Testing
Acceptance testing assures that the software product is ready for the market. The tester’s task is to make sure that the software satisfies the users’ needs and, at the same time, allows all the prescribed flows.
Typically, it happens in the final phase of the project. Thus, it acts as a pre-launch check for the software. User acceptance testing is the last step that many teams consider before approving.
- System Testing
System testing is about observing the behaviour of the whole system in the meantime. The testers determine the performance of different modules in conjunction.
Thus, it aids the teams in confirming that the software application is completely functional from one end to the other. It also provides better test coverage. System testing is the subsequent process after integration testing.
- Integration Testing
Integration testing is employed to check the working of two or more modules together. The testers ensure that the data goes correctly between the different parts.
It also helps to find bugs that might not have been detected during unit testing and keeps the flows stable. This whole process constitutes an integral part of the overall testing process.
- Unit Testing
Unit testing looks at the smallest possible segment of the software. This is the developer’s area but sometimes, manual testing could be involved too.
It only targets the logic and, thus, considerably cuts down on defects that early, which eventually leads to improvements in the entire software development process. Some teams practise both manual and automation testing for unit-level checks.
- Black Box Testing
Black box testing verifies the software without inspecting the internal code. Manual testers are concerned with the inputs, outputs, and expected outcomes.
It is a technique that supports extensive coverage since it emphasises user behaviour. Moreover, it is a human error for someone who has a very clearly thought-out test plan when the testing is conducted. Black box testing is most suitable for all kinds of software applications.
- White Box Testing
White box testing is all about internal code structure. Testers make use of the knowledge of logic paths and data flows. It is a technique that provides very deep coverage and at the same time, supports the quality of the software. It is often the domain of technical testers. White box testing is beneficial when dealing with complex systems.
- Grey Box Testing
Grey box testing is a combination of both white box and black box testing methods. The testers will know of some of the internal structure, but they will also be testing with the view of a user.
Grey box testing provides an opportunity for finding defects within the software that white and black box testing may not find. It also increases the amount of testing that is done. Grey box testing is a common practice in current applications in software development.
How to Do Manual Software Testing Step by Step?
Step 1: Understand Requirements and User Stories
Manual testers begin by analyzing requirement documents and user stories to grasp the intent behind the feature. This practice allows them to specify the testing goals beforehand and then develop test cases accordingly.
Besides this, they put themselves in the users’ shoes. Consequently, they are able to evaluate the software application from the end user’s point of view and verify that the software behaves according to real-life situations.
Well-defined requirements minimize human mistakes during testing. Moreover, they contribute to the provision of better test coverage.
Step 2: Create the Test Plan
A test plan serves as a guide for teams to coordinate their testing activities. It spells out the objectives, scenarios, resources, timelines, environments, and methods for testing.
Making careful and precise test plans enables teams to have a definite pathway to follow. In addition, it increases the transparency for developers, product managers, and manual testers alike.
A properly framed test plan ensures that total test coverage is attained. It also reinforces the quality assurance process throughout the software development life cycle.
Step 3: Developing Test Cases
Developing test cases aids the tester in determining what they are going to test, and how they will perform that testing. Test cases contain the steps taken to perform testing, the data used in testing, as well as the results that are anticipated. If they are documented clearly, then it will make it easier for the testers to execute their testing activities.
Cases are developed to cover standard testing, edge testing, and testing of incorrect data. Quality and reusable cases will produce better quality testing than non-reusable cases.
Step 4: Set Up the Test Environment
The test environment refers to the combination of browsers, devices, operating systems, and other tools that are required for the verification of the software application. Properly testing guarantees that the test execution remains at the same level throughout.
The manual testers will confirm that the testing area is similar to the users’ conditions in terms of real usage. They will check the configuration and access privileges before they start testing the cases. A proper test environment will result in fewer human errors and thus a higher quality of the software produced.
Step 5: Start Test Execution
Test execution means that testers follow the step-by-step instructions given in the test case and verify the expected results. Testers conduct manual testing by operating the software in the same manner as a user. They write down the results and report any discrepancies between the expected and the real outcomes. This is the key phase in the testing cycle. Testing in a real-world context is a valuable learning experience for the team regarding software behaviour.
Step 6: Report Defects to Developers
Testers, upon discovering issues, proceed to record them in the defect database along with the steps to reproduce the issue. An excellent bug report consists of poor-quality screenshots, test data, the test environment, the version of the build, and, if necessary, the test scripts.
When developers receive clear reports, they can resolve the issues without misunderstanding. Testing takes less time, and communication between the parties improves. The defect reporting process is a major branch of the software quality assurance activities and supports the entire software development life cycle.
Step 7: Regression Testing
Regression testing is the process of checking that recent changes have not affected existing functionality. This is the manual testing type that counts the most. The manual testers run the test cases which have already been run to make sure of stability. Thus, software quality is not going to be compromised even when the product is growing.
Step 8: Prepare Test Closure Reports
Test closure is the end of the testing cycle. The teams put together test summary reports that show test results, total defects, open defects, coverage status, and risks. This makes it easier for stakeholders to gauge the reliability of the software application. Moreover, it enhances the software development process visibility. The test closure process signifies that the software is fit for release.
Top 3 Manual Testing Techniques and Best Practices
- Boundary Value Analysis
This technique verifies values at the limit of acceptable input. Most faults occur close to these boundaries. Testing the border points quickly helps to identify the problems related to range. Use of this technique is in cases of fields having number or date ranges. It detects errors that exist only at the highest or lowest values. It gives good coverage with fewer tests.
- Equivalence Partitioning
This technique forms classes of input values with the same behaviour. One value from each class is sufficient to test the whole class. It shrinks the number of test cases without losing coverage. Testers apply it as a time saver. It makes the testing process simple and well-organized. It guarantees that every input category is checked.
- Error Guessing
This technique is based on the tester’s experience. The testers predict the areas where the bugs might be hiding. They write tests for the parts that are breaking most often. It is very useful in exploratory testing. Many hidden bugs come out with this method. The method is helpful in cases when the testers are aware of the common issues.
3 Best Tools for Manual Testing
- Test management tools
Test management tools are meant to help teams manage their test cases in one central location, track the status and completion of all tests, and see how much coverage has been achieved.
- Defect tracking tools
Defect tracking tools allow testers and developers to communicate about the defects that were found and fixed during testing. Defect tracking tools track every defect from the time it was identified until it is resolved.
- Collaboration tools
These tools allow team members to quickly share information on the status of current projects. These tools provide a means for testers and developers to communicate directly with each other. Many communication tools allow users to record and share their screens so that they can visually demonstrate bugs to others.
Manual Testing vs Automation Testing
Both manual testing and automation testing are integral to the quality assurance process. Each technique comes with its own advantages, and depending on the nature of the project, the teams opt for one or both. The use of both manual and automated testing together yields the best results, thus allowing each method to take care of what it does best.
When to Choose Manual Testing
Manual testing is a good option. It is the right method for exploratory testing, where testers move through the software at will and look for unexpected behaviours. It is also helpful in usability testing since only a human can judge the software’s aesthetics and usability. Frequently changing new features are easier to test manually, as it can be counterproductive to write automation scripts too early.
Manual testing is the best option for test cases that will be executed once or twice. Writing scripts is a time-consuming task. Hence, it does not make sense to automate tests with a very short lifespan. Manual tests are also more economical in situations that are unique or complex and call for human intervention in reasoning.
When to Choose Automation Testing
Automation testing is best suited for tests that are run repeatedly. Regression testing is a classic example, as the same test cases have to be repeated after every change. Automated testing completes these verifications more quickly and with higher precision than manual testing. It also aids in data-heavy tasks or financial calculations that are usually tedious for manual testers.
Automation plays a critical role in load and performance testing, where systems are subjected to high loads. While manual testing cannot be performed on a system experiencing such high volumes, automation will scale much more efficiently because automated testing tools can test multiple devices and multiple operating systems at once. Therefore, automated testing provides a comprehensive solution for compatibility/cross-platform testing.
The Best of Both Worlds
The combination of manual and automated testing yields the best results for the teams. Human observation is required for manual testing, and automation is responsible for the repetitive work. Usually, tests are manual at first, and then autos move in to take over the feature when it is stable. Time is saved, and accuracy is improved.
The aim is not to completely discard manual testing in favour of automation, but to come up with a good compromise of sorts between the two methods. Both methods contribute their own unique value. A hybrid approach leads to not only better test coverage and fewer bugs but also a more seamless testing process throughout.
How to become a manual software tester?
Skills Required
For manual testers, it is of utmost importance to have great attention to detail in order to identify faults at an early stage. They are required to use their logical thinking and to doubt the expected behaviour of the software. Clear communication is necessary as the testers share results and report bugs to the team.
Besides, they should be patient because a lot of the tasks involve repetition. A basic understanding of devices and browsers comes in handy during testing. Also, the learner’s mindset is essential because the tools and software change very frequently.
Learning Resources
Free online courses, blogs, and video lessons that show testing basics are the sources from which beginners can learn the most. Books provide a more profound knowledge of testing concepts and methods. ISTQB-type certifications are the ones that automatically build a strong base in software testing.
Getting involved in testing groups or online communities has a big contribution to the learning of the beginner from the skilled tester. So, real projects or practice apps can be called the main sources of hands-on experience. However, practical work does develop skill and confidence much faster than theory alone.
Starting Your First Testing Project
The first thing you should do is to find out what the software does and who its users are. Requirements documents, user stories, and design notes are to be read. Questions should be asked if something is not clear.
Start off with simple tests that will verify the basic functions. When you feel ready, move to more complicated test cases. Make a note of every test you conduct so that your work is tracked clearly.
Developers and testers are your partners in the learning process of the software. You can ask them about what is expected and where the problems are. Such teamwork will make you a quicker and more confident manual tester.
Real-World Examples
Example 1: E-Commerce Application Testing
In a manual testing process of an e-commerce website, testers perform the full checkout checks. They put items in the cart, conduct discount code trials, and use various payment methods to make sure everything is working. Furthermore, they also check whether the prices, taxes, and delivery options update properly by using different shipping addresses.
The testers confirm that the cart displays the correct total and that stock levels decrease after a sale. They enter wrong card details to test the system for rendering error messages.
Moreover, they take the user interface and the transaction process flow into consideration for the convenience of use and make observations on the steps that were not clear. This practice minimizes the dropping out of users and makes the buying process better.
Example 2: Banking Application Testing
Manual testing of a banking application is done very carefully as there is money and user data involved. Testers track the movements of the customers’ money through deposits, withdrawals, and transfers. They verify that it is only the respective users who can access the accounts.
They perform accuracy tests on such banking services as payments, statements, and transaction limits, among others. They also monitor whether any alerts pop up for unusual activity. Once the bank has added new features, the testers will always conduct regression testing, which will help to make sure that the old functions are still working. This kind of testing is a safeguard for both the bank and its clients.
Importance of Manual Testing
- Human perspective in testing
Manual testing is an area where the human mind prevails over the machine, it brings the actual user mindset that machines cannot fully match. This also leads to better usability and unveiling of problems that automation might have missed.
- Better for new products
The initial software versions are not stable and the changes are drastic. Manual testing gives the advantage of continuous change and less effort on script maintenance.
- Supports detailed exploratory checks
Exploratory testing gives testers the ability to the testers to discover unanticipated issues. It is useful when the requirements are changing or are not complete.
- Critical to customer experience
Manual testing assesses the product as a real user would. This prevents the brand from releasing confusing or broken experiences, thus safeguarding the brand.
Common Challenges in Manual Testing
- Changing requirements
Fast-moving changes make it difficult to keep track of changes made to test cases. Testers need to quickly adjust to change and stay on top of what is happening.
- Pressure to get things done quickly
Time-sensitive deadlines limit testers’ ability to conduct thorough testing and add to their stress level, thus affecting how well defects are identified by testing teams.
- Repeating the same tasks over and over
Repeatedly executing the same tests causes testers to lose focus and may not catch all the problems. Automation can be helpful in this case.
- Missing or poor communication between teams
Missed or poor communication results in unclear expectations between teams. Having detailed documentation helps eliminate this issue through clarity.
Conclusion
Manual testing will continue to be a significant factor in evaluating a user’s experience. It will also support the innovative thought processes that testers use to understand how their product works.
A combination of manual testing and automation creates a solid framework for a rapid testing and innovation process that yields a quality end product.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- How to do manual testing step by step?
Understanding first the requirements, then creating the test cases, setting up the test environment, and finally running the tests. Reporting defects, retesting fixes, and completing test closure are the next steps.
- Is manual testing difficult?
Manual testing is not hard but rather requires a lot of patience and carefulness. Gradually, with practice and the right method, anyone can get it.
- How to become a manual software tester?
Start with the basics of testing, work on testing apps, make test cases, and get experience. Certification, such as ISTQB, will also be an advantage.
- How do you test software?
You perform a software test by monitoring its behaviour and comparing it with the expected results. You run through the test cases, log problems, and confirm corrections.
- Is there any tool for manual testing?
Yes, there are test management tools and bug tracking methods that are supportive of manual testing. They not only support managing test cases but also reporting defects.
- What are the types of manual testing?
Among different types are functional testing, usability testing, exploratory testing, system testing, integration testing, and acceptance testing.
- What is the manual testing process?
It consists of a series of activities that include planning, designing test cases, setting up test environment, executing tests, and defect reporting.
- How to do manual testing on software?
You manually test the software by taking direct actions on it rather than using any automation tools. You execute the test cases, verify the output and record the errors.
- Does manual testing need coding?
Coding skills are not a prerequisite for manual testing. However, having basic technical understanding is an advantage, but it’s not a necessity.
- Which tool is used in manual testing?
Various tools like TestRail, Jira, and Zephyr are among the ones that are widely used in manual testing.
